Contemporary Issues in Cognitive Developmental Psychology :: Papers

Contemporary Issues in Cognitive Developmental Psychology The stage in which a tiddler learns is very important in psychology. Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bruner are the most popular psychologists who have contributed to developmental learning. The issue still among psychologists today is the debate on teaching, and how children should be taught. at that place is the, talk and chalk system where the teacher teaches the whole class interactively and the children can participate when asked to. Piaget believed in scholar centred learning and not group learning. The advantage of this method of teaching is that they are all going up a level at the same time there might be a few that fail to follow but the teacher can push them. Children can also start to interact with each other(a) and get to know other people in their classroom. This could also reduce prejudice at a young age. If they work as a group they also learn as a group, but the downside of this is they may lose their sense of individuality. And as a group they may feel as, one. If they were to do a practical there would be one child who would be the leader, which would not benefit to the other children. The other method of teaching is the individual/ group method. This is where Piagets individual learning programme enters. Vygotskys scroll curriculum would be useful in this method since it opens complex ideas so that they can be presented at simplified levels. Each student should find their zone of actual development and then the teacher should be the outer circle so they can go to their zone of proximal development. The disadvantage of this is the cost of student centred learning. At the moment we have whole class teaching and there are the ups and downs of that but if the individual learning took place it will improve collectable to the individuals needs being noticed and processed. Individual learning can also be structured by scaffolding so the childs attempt to understand refreshing ideas will be done with even more

Essay on Verbal and Situational Irony in The Pardoner’s Tale of Chaucer

The Pardoners TaleUse of Verbal and Situational Irony In The Pardoners Tale, Geoffrey Chaucer masterfully frames an wanton homily. Through the use of verbal and situational irony, Chaucer is able to accentuate the moral characteristics of the Pardoner. The essence of the story is exemplified by the blatant discrepancy between the character of the storyteller and the center of his story. By analyzing this contrast, the reader can place himself in the mind of the Pardoner in order to account for his psychological science. In the Prologue of the tale, the Pardoner clearly admits that he preaches for zip fastener but for the greed of gain. His sermons revolve around the biblical idea that the love of money is the root of all evil (1 Timothy 610). Ironically, however, the Pardoner condemns the real same vice that he lives by, as he proclaims avarice is the theme that I employ in all my sermons, to make the people free in giving penniesespecially to me. Thus, covetousness is both th e substance of his sermons as well as the mechanism upon which he thrives. He clearly states that repentance is not the primeval aim of his preaching, by mentioning my mind is fixed on what I stand to win and not upon correcting sin. Rather, his foremost intention is to acquire as many another(prenominal) shillings as he can in exchange for his meaningless pardons. In this regard, one can argue that although the Pardoner is evil, he is not a dissembler. His psychology is clearly not guided by hypocrisy because he does not conceal his intentions under false pretences. Chaucer clouds the genuine nature of the Pardoners psychology in ambiguity. Upon r... ...nations of his thought processes, it is clear that the Pardoner does not practice what he preaches. It is ambiguous, however, as to whether the Pardoner believes what he preaches, but just doesnt follow his preaches or whether he doesnt believe what he preaches at all. It is evident, though, that the Pardoner has an astute mind. He is highly effective in what he does. Although he exploits the church for his experience personal designs, he succeeds at obtaining that which he pursues. The efficacy of his strategy is confirmed by Chaucers description of the Pardoner as being a horrible ecclesiastic and as being unmatched in his trade . Thus amidst all of his flatteries, there exists a spark of genius that complements his minimal level of ethics. This intelligent finesse is the riverbed from which all of the products of his mind flow.

Lord Of The Flies: Our Society Suppresses The Evil That Is Presented I :: essays research papers

Lord of the Flies Our Society Suppresses the Evil That Is Presented In every of UsIn this novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding shows how our societysuppresses the atrocious that is presented in all of us. Throughout this adventure diddlyshit changes from a well mannered sing bo, who was scared to kill a pig, to asavage hunter who leads his band of hunters to kill everything in site. Jackwas a load and strick choir leader and incessantly seemed as if he would do anythingto be leader, while Ralph was not severe or even very load, but he always wantedwhat was scoop out for the group. Ralph uses the conch as a symbol of order and itis opposite to the pigs head (the lord of the flies) which attributes to the killing and sheer brutality of the hunters.Jack is the perfect example of a male child whose dark side took over when hewas no longer bound down to a civil environment. After being unable to bearkilling a pig due to the horrific blood, he became eager to gain respect, almos tredeem himself, by becoming a hunter. He was remarkably anxious abouthunting. He painted his face and got spears. He eventually cared no more forbeing rescued, because all he wanted to do was kill pigs. The build of hunterskept on growing and he began to get other kids to hunt with him. They soon hada routine (the dance) and whenever they did thad they had to kill, because theygot so pumped up when they did it. Jack whence began killing as if it were aluxury. They became savage hunters as evil took over they killed almost as ifit were a sexual performance for them.As this adventure began, Jack was the leader of the choir. He was abully who always wanted to be the leader and be looked upon with the utmostresopect. When Ralph came along as a mild and commonsensible boy, and was chosenahaed of Jack as the leader, Jack was furious. Jack wanted more than anythingto bugger off leader and he began an amoral reign as he let the evil within takecontrol. He became a hunter and a bold di ctator looking bot for order, but forfun. Ralph was searching for order, yet Jacks overpowering will to stick toRalph as the leader led him to compleat madness. He now was an killer and hadlet his evil half take over. By the end of the story he had become so evil,

American Technological Advancements and the Cold War Essay -- Military

American Technological Advancements and the arctic War Many of the armed services technological advancements that have been made in the last 60 years can be attributed to the iciness War. Much of the technology developed during the period of the Cold War is still in use today by the military and government. Advancements in offensive technology are well known to just some every single in the way of nuclear energy harnessed in the form of the nuclear bomb, but little is known about the battle for information during the Cold War. The Cold War produced some of the most advanced technology used in the handle of detection and reconnaissance mission in history. The United States detection and reconnaissance technology played a major role against communism during the Cold War, and these types of technology still play roles today.A cold war is an ideological combat with military standoffs while keeping diplomatic relations open. The Cold War consisted of two sides (or Superpowers) th e first was the United States, who believed in and practiced capitalism, the opposing side was the Soviet Union, who believed in and practiced the idea of communism. Many historians dispute the st maneuver time of the conflict stock-still, it began some time after World War II and dragged on until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989. The Cold War Project Group Online claims the advancement of technology during the Cold War was greater than that of any one time period (The Arms Race). The war developed nuclear missiles and many a(prenominal) other technological advancements taking the world into a new era, the atomic Era. It was estimated at one time the United States and the Soviet Union could nuke the world seven times over the governments realized the pointlessness of so many nuclear missiles and turned their attention toward other ways to get an upper hand in the conflict. Tensions ran high during this time without military confrontation, research and resources were redir ected towards other fields of technology such as detection systems, surveillance equipment, and underwater technologies.The northwesterly American Aerospace Defense Command, other wise known as NORAD, is a serial of radar stations in North America that were built in 1950s. NORAD is a joint United States and Canadian organization that provides warnings and aerospace control for North America. The North American Aerospace Defense Comm... ...ent, they have set in motion usefulness in todays world through reassessing their mission or in scientific research. The art of reconnaissance changed during the Cold War with the invention of the blemish satellite, the U2 Spy Plane, and the nuclear powered submarines. Today much of the photo taken by the United States spy satellites and U2 Spy Planes are classified but they are still used today as a part of the military and the Center Intelligent substance to identify threats just as they did during the Cold War submarines The tracking down and monitoring Soviet submarines movements during the Cold War was one of the major missions of the nuclear submarines, unfortunately today the submarine force of the United States is slowly shrinking do to budget cut with in the military. Fear and uncertainty surrounded the Cold War, however thanks to these technological advancements during the Cold War it helped to keep offensive weapons form being fired and destroying the world. Unfortunately only a few of these technologies have found there way into the world today. The Cold War was a conflict that brought fear to Americans but also brought the United States new technology that is still about today.

How the Environment Benefits from Recycling Essay -- How Recycling He

Care for a snack? Try the chocolate bar that comes in recyclable packaging, or maybe pick up a package of sustainable wood-fiber-filled baby diapers, or a no-animal-testing sunscreen, nontoxic spray cleaner, an entry mildew for a Prius giveaway or a cloth grocery bag for your shopping (Layton, 2014). Many products have become useful in so umpteen ways that not recycling is harmful as well as unwise and uneconomical. Theres not enough room to throw starter all over the place, pollute, and simply not recycle. In order to understand the importance of recycling, people must first understand what recycling is, what it involves, and how it works. It is also cardinal to know not only the effects of recycling but benefits as well. There are benefits to recycling paper, plastic, glass and aluminum such as thrift energy, saving money, reducing air pollution, and even creating jobs which not only benefit the environment but the economy as well. Recycling is not a unsanded concept it has been around for years. Even in the times of war and the hard times, when famine, and widespread illness occurred, thats when recycling of waste were made necessary because revolutionary materials were scarce. Recycling metals, jewelry, and coins were melted for weapons and other necessary goods (History of Recycling, 2014). By the late 1960s, the air, rivers and forests of North America were in serious disrepair as a result of massive industrial development. Rivers were catching fire, the sludge and debris dumped by factories igniting with the slightest spark. In a midsize city like Portland, Oregon, people were breathing air that polluted their lungs at the same take aim as smoking two packs of cigarettes a day (Layton, 2014). Forests were being leveled at an ala... ...of recycling - RecyclingCenters.org. (2014). Local Recycling Centers and Recycling Information and Statistics. Learn How to Recycle and defy Green -RecyclingCenters.org. Retrieved December 7, 2014, from http//www.recyclingcenters.org/history_of_recycling.phpWatson, S. (2014). HowStuffWorks How did Earth Day start?. HowStuffWorks People. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http//people.howstuffworks.com/culture-traditions/holidays/earth-day-qotd.htmWest, L. (2014). Glass recycling - Benefits of glass recycling - Why recycle glass? environmental Issues - News and Information about the Environment. Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http//environment.about.com/od/recycling/a/benefits_of_glass_recycling.htmWhat Is a BTU? (2014). wiseGEEK Clear Answers for Common Questions. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-btu.htm

How the Environment Benefits from Recycling Essay -- How Recycling He

Care for a snack? Try the chocolate bar that comes in recyclable packaging, or maybe pick up a software of sustainable wood-fiber-filled baby diapers, or a no-animal-testing sunscreen, nontoxic spray cleaner, an entry form for a Prius giveaway or a cloth grocery saucer for your shopping (Layton, 2014). Many products have become useful in so many ways that not recycling is harmful as well as unwise and uneconomical. Theres not enough room to throw trash all over the place, pollute, and simply not recycle. In order to take care the importance of recycling, people must first understand what recycling is, what it involves, and how it works. It is also important to know not only the effects of recycling but emoluments as well. There are benefits to recycling paper, plastic, glass and aluminum such as saving energy, saving money, reducing air pollution, and even creating jobs which not only benefit the environment but the economy as well. Recycling is not a new concept it has bee n around for years. Even in the times of war and the unverbalized times, when famine, and widespread illness occurred, thats when recycling of waste were made necessary because new materials were scarce. Recycling metals, jewelry, and coins were melted for weapons and other necessary goods (History of Recycling, 2014). By the late 1960s, the air, rivers and forests of northbound America were in serious disrepair as a result of massive industrial development. Rivers were catching fire, the sludge and debris dumped by factories igniting with the slightest spark. In a midsize metropolis like Portland, Oregon, people were breathing air that polluted their lungs at the same level as smoking two packs of cigarettes a day (Layton, 2014). Forests were being leveled at an ala... ...of recycling - RecyclingCenters.org. (2014). Local Recycling Centers and Recycling Information and Statistics. Learn How to Recycle and Live Green -RecyclingCenters.org. Retrieved declination 7, 2014, fro m http//www.recyclingcenters.org/history_of_recycling.phpWatson, S. (2014). HowStuffWorks How did Earth Day start?. HowStuffWorks People. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http//people.howstuffworks.com/culture-traditions/holidays/earth-day-qotd.htmWest, L. (2014). Glass recycling - Benefits of glass recycling - Why recycle glass? Environmental Issues - News and Information about the Environment. Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http//environment.about.com/od/recycling/a/benefits_of_glass_recycling.htmWhat Is a BTU? (2014). wiseGEEK Clear Answers for Common Questions. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-btu.htm

Empire of the Sun: Nationalities Essay

Empire of the sun is a rites of passage novel about James Ballards life in Shanghai during the Japanese intrusion in the 1940s. It describes James life from how he changes from a posh and upper-class expatriate to becoming a lonely Shanghai roamer, and his time at Lunghua summer camp at which his views of the four main nations in the book (England, Japan, China and America) change completely.Ballard presents the English at the beginning of the novel as a superpower, posh and rich. We greet this because Yang their chauffer drives a green Packard, which is a expensive and flash car and they have lucks of servants who, in James (Jamie to his family and close friends) imagination are rightful(prenominal) pieces of furniture, and gardeners who oral sex their own business passively stabbing at the grass. Despite the English macrocosm in their ivory tower and thinking themselves of a high class than the helpless Chinese, they still are concerned about the Japanese moving closer and closer to Shanghai. Before Dr Lockwoods party Jamies start out knelt by the radiogram in his pirate costume listening to the regular war update.While Shanghai is on the brink of being overrun and captured by the Japanese the English still manage to fit in a few glasses of whiskey and soda and a fancy dress party, just even at the party the main focus for most people is listening to the war update on Dr Lockwoods short-wave radio. Eventually the Japanese retort control of Shanghai and Jamie is separated from his parents. In the heart of Shanghai, all alone, Jamie meets two American sailors, Frank and Basie. They rename him Jim, A raw(a) name for a new life. Jim needs food and is willing to do anything in order to stay alive. The only way he can stay alive is to get to around with Frank and Basie.As the story goes on Jim has less and less note for the English because they do not seem to prioritise the right things for type they would prefer to suffer from chronic dysentery rath er than make the effort of boiling the water because they are used to having things done for them by servants. Also the English had internal representation groups rather than helping the ill and dying people in the hospital. These are just some of the reasons that Jim lost respect for the English over the course of his immurement at Lunghua and eventually moving to the American quarters, where they did things properly and were prepared to do what it takes to stay alive.The helpless and passive Chinese do nothing to help themselves in the book, being this passive with no personal drive or momentum to get out and oppose the people who put them in such horrid positions to build a life that is worthwhile living for creates the effect that they live just to die. We are invited to paint this morbid picture in our mind when he describes that the Chinese knew from birth, that they were all as earnest as dead anyway, and that it was self-deluding to believe otherwise. When the Chinese de al with the superpowers they let them do what they want and dont even bat an eyelid at them.This just re-iterates how easily they get controlled and overpowered by other nations and important therefore rich individuals. When the Japanese soldiers killed the rickshaw cooly he does not put up a fight he just lay the4re and let the soldiers kill him. The coolie knelt on the groundamong the grains of riceas the blood ran from his back and formed a pool around his knees. The Chinese just accepted they are inferior to the Japanese and English so dont bother to put up a fight or retaliate. But everybody fucks that one day China will punish the balance of the world, and take a frightening revenge.Ballard invites us to believe that the Japanese patiently wait for their chance to attack which in Jims mind scares him more than the thought of being killed or tortured by them. There is an eerie sense towards the Japanese which Jim doesnt like, because they kill for no reason for instance when the Chinese coolie is stabbed and left wing o die on the floor. Jim has great respect for the Japanese pilots and their planes. He names every Japanese plane that flies over his head. When the war starts the unloose the wrong way for the Japanese they take their anger out on the prisoners by reducing the amount of potatoes for the prisoners to eat. As the war moved through its completion year the Japanese had become unsettled and dangerous. But despite all this Jim still wants to join the Japanese Air Force rather than the RAF, Im going to join the Japanese Air Force.He wants to do this because his only impression of the British is that they are pathetic and cannot care for themselves without servants whereas the Japanese head might and power, of course all eleven year old boys take the side of the most powerful, which entices him towards their side. Even when the war is over he still has respect for the Japanese. The Americans are Jims lifeline. When he is picked up by Basie an d Frank he is willing to do whatever it takes to stay alive and find his parents, despite perspicacious that they want to get rid of him, besides when Jim is in Lunghua camp he is told to stick around with Basie by Dr Ransome because he is a survivor. Its a good thing that youre friends with Basie. Hes a survivorwars exist for people like Basie.This shows that Basie can handle and even thrive from the bad situations which Jim consider him for. Jim finds out that after spending a few weeks in the camp the English have completely different mind sets to survive to survive than the Americans, we know this because Ballard informs us that the English sit around all day drinking cholera infested water while the Americans, even those with malaria, take life as it comes and do what it takes to stay alive.In Steven Spielbergs film Empire of the Sun Jim sneaks out of the perimeter o the camp to place two pheasant traps and puts his life on the line, just to earn the right to live in the Ame rican dormitory thus shows that he has ultimate respect for them, so much so that he becomes obsess by everything American. Even when they gamble with his life he just accepts it as American humour of a most special kind. By the end of the text Jims favourite nation (has most respect for) is most defiantly the Americans, especially after the American air raid on Lunghua airfield, where he sees the Mustangs and B-29s, one of the pilots from a Mustang waves at him as he salutes him.In conclusion Jim loses all respect for the English people, whom which he previously had a lot for, due to his experiences at Lunghua camp. The Chinese were never considered as proper people in his mind because all throughout the novel they are minorities in fraternity and passive towards all other nations, letting them roam free in their country. Jim has the utmost respect for the Japanese in the beginning whereas by the end he still admires them but not as much due to harsh things being enforced on him, and his fellow prison mates, in Lunghua camp.He alike admired the Japanese kamikaze pilots who were prepared to give up their lives even though they knew the war was lost. Jim is unsure about the Americans at first when he meets Frank and Basie but grows to love them and their pleasant but entertaining company. He would not be the same person at the end of the war if he had never met Basie. Personally, this adduce sums up Jims opinion of the nationalities All in all, Jim felt, he Americans were the best company, not as strange and challenging as the Japanese, but far prime(prenominal) to the morose and complicated British.

Business and Virtue Ethics Essay

Abstr trifle For the purposes of this assignment we will analyze the Mattel case and discuss the actions of the company regarding the behavior and actions in conjunction with the planetary Manufacturing carry out that was implemented. Breaches of the two business moral philosophy elements of integrity and egoism will be assessed. Within the discussion I film identified the virtues prudence, justice, fidelity, and courage that were largely go against by the Mattel organization and how it affected the employees of Mattel.We will discuss the implications of virtue, deontological, and utilitarian ethics regarding their potential physical exercisefulness in evaluation of the Mattel case. Introduction Mattels concept of Global Manufacturing Principles (GMP) was not a novel concept. The many forms of GMP including International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) engender been around for decades and have worked to insure that specific industr ies are held to a standard that is industry wide. ISOs model is Say what you do, and do what you say.When a company endeavors to become ISO qualified, it is admitd to document every activity (as a standard operating procedure, SOP) that occurs within the company and adhere to that process without deviation. ISO qualified companies are always subject to audit by former(a) ISO registered companies and is initi in ally audited by four such companies in order to acquire certification. Having been directly involved with ISO implementation at a former employer that supplied fasteners for manufacturing, I am fully aware(predicate) of how involved the certification is. The company SOP was over 1000 pages.Additionally, another ISO company can and will come in and audit your company precedent to electing to conduct business with your company. In some instances, ISO qualification is not enough to be awarded the business. The nutrition industry also adheres to the Good Manufacturing Practice s, of which I was required to be certified in every year. Each department of the nutritional company I worked for had its own GMP standards that we were to adhere implicitly. The nutrition industry, while not regulated by the FDA, is controlled indirectly by the FDA. GMP is an FDA requirement.Having worked in two industries where the concept is not only expected, further required in some instances I was not impressed by the fact that Mattel implemented GMP of their own volition for the sole purpose to better public perception after misconduct was exposed by the media. concern morals Issue The adept word that I found that resonates throughout the article, whether spoken or implied, is integrity. The incoming CEO stated that Mattel would behave in all actions with unwavering integrity and that the companys commitment to the GMP remained unequivocal and undiminished.(Sethi, Shapiro, Emelianova, pg.490) Ironically, I identify the most noticeable and important business ethics issue a s just that a lack of integrity. Merriam Webster defines integrity as the firm adherence to a code of curiously moral value, the quality or sate of being complete or undivided, and the quality of being honest or fair. Mattel exhibited none of these traits insofar as where their GMPs were concerned. In fact, there were numerous infractions regarding the non-enforcement of their GMPs crosswise the board in the Asia and Mexico based manufacturing facilities. The second ethics issue I identified was narcissism.Mattel implemented this GMP program with the attitude of look at what were doing scarcely with minimal effort to ensure the success of the program. According to Duchon and Drake (2009) extreme narcissistic organizations will establish these formal ethics programs but will not have much effect on hindering unethical behaviors. This was evident in that the supervisors at the factories knew what they were supposed to be doing but found ways to circumvent the dust and there were n o reprisals as a result of their nonconformance. Ultimately, it was a program of words and not deeds.Three Virtues Prudence Careful good judgment that allows soulfulness to avoid danger or risks. (M-W, 2013) In my opinion, a great deal of misfortune and hardship could have been avoided if Mattel would have practiced a modicum of prudence sooner ever moving their manufacturing to Asia. In a perfect world, and especially in a modern world we do not expect children to work. However, when dealing with under(a)develop countries it is normal for children to work in conditions that would be an affront to any Americans moral nature having abandoned child labor decades ago.If Mattel had done out-of-pocket diligence, they would have known that the facility in Indonesia was operating in an unacceptable manner (Sethi, et al. pg. 486) and could have implemented working conditions and requirements from the get-go. Then the exposure by the media would have never been an issue. I have no doub t that the draw of paying lower wages and increased productivity was the catalyst to overlook the conditions in those abroad factories. Justice The quality of being just, impartial, or fair. Conformity to truth, fact, or reason. (M-W, 2013) The concept of justice was completely lost on Mattel. While the implementation of the GMP program was statewide the execution and enforcement was unconscionable. The last paragraph of the GMP, exhibit 1 says that if Mattel determines that any of its manufacturing facilities or vendors violate these principles, we may either terminate our business relationship or require that facility to take corrective action. If corrective action is advised and not taken, Mattel will immediately terminate current production and suspend placement of forthcoming orders. (Sethi, et al.pg. 487).However, when audits were performed the facilities were rife with infractions but there was no follow through when corrective actions were required. The facilities were al lowed to continue to verify unhindered. Astonishingly, the 20 positivistic companies that were not owned by Mattel were allowed to operate without any disciplinary actions imposed by Mattel for infractions if any auditing was conducted at all. Considering the fact that both Mattel owned and vendor factories employ some hundred thousand plus employeesMattels actions were nowhere near impartial, fair, or conforming to fact or reason. Fidelity Quality or state of being faithful, accuracy in details. (M-W, 2013) For this virtue, I am concentrating on the act of being faithful to the employees. Whether or not the GMPs were self-imposed or not, Mattel had an obligation to the people it employs. Throughout the article, it was found during audits that the employees snip cards would systematically be incomplete where they were not being allowed to clock-out. This resonates that these people were being required to work overmagazine off the books.Employees were not being disposed the appro priate days off or vacation time. Some living conditions and canteen conditions were substandard. Fines were being imposed. (Sethi, et al. 2011) The list goes on and on. In my opinion, Mattel should have had impartial representatives on the ground in these factories to ensure that the rules for payment, working overtime, and work conditions were being upheld. There should have been constant supervision and vigilance on a corporate level.To estimate that audits that were being conducted every three years was comprehensive enough to get the job done was blind and narrow minded. Courage To go one mensuration further. A virtue is an attitude. Courage is measured when there is risk involved but also rationality. To be truly courageous there needs to be a clear picture of what a persons values are. Courage does not need to be proven beyond a doubt. (Hartman, 2008) In the case of Mattel, I feel it was courageous to implement such a comprehensive GMP program although it was misguided and ultimately failed.An even more courageous act would have been to rehab the program and bring it to its full potential and fruition. The article does not mention whether Mattel experienced any loss of revenue as a result, but public perception is a fickle entity and once all of the attention over sweat shops and child labor overseas died down, Mattel was no longer under the microscope. Financially, Mattel was spending money it perceivably no longer needed to spend. Since their program was self-imposed it is no surprise that Mattel just unceremoniously abandoned the GMP program after nightspot years.When some organizations implement and enforce codes as part of a self-regulation process and others do not, those who self-regulate invariably incur greater costs. These costs are usually passed onto the consumer who later (and sensibly) choses the organization which offers the cheaper product. (Blackburn & McGee, 2004) Virtue morality Virtues are attitudes, dispositions, or character t raits that enable us to be and to act in ways that develop this potential. They enable us to pursue the ideals we have adopted.Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all examples of virtues. (Andre, Meyer, Shanks, and Velazquez. 1988) Virtue ethics indicates that business decisions should be made in a manner that attributes to the overall goals of the professional. It stresses activities and motives, what we do and why. Virtue ethics proffer that action and motive are connected to character and disposition. Actions are taken and decisions made because they are linked to a definite character.(Blackburn and McGee. 2004) That ought does not imply right can be seen in another sort of case as well, namely, when what one ought to do in ones circumstances results from ones own prior wrongdoing. In such a case, doing what one ought to do may not be the same as doing a right act or a good deed. In fact, the same prior failure may both increase ones level of obligation to do a given act now and decrease ones level of praiseworthiness. (Russell, 2008) The above quote is especially poignant in the Mattel case.Because Mattel implemented the GMP program on the heels of a media expose, the intentions were not solely based on the right thing to do, but on what they ought to do. Mattel plausibly did not get the recognition or good press they were looking for and therefore had no proclivity to ensure that the plan was a success. Utilitarian ethical motive Actions are approved when they are as such to promote happiness and disapproved when they have a tendency to cause unhappiness. (Driver, 2009) We also know that utilitarian ethics work for the greatest good for the greatest number of people.Mattel directly employs over twenty thousand people throughout Asia and Mexico. If the happiness of those employees would have been considered the pay, working conditions, time off, and canteen programs would have never be en an issue. If the executives of the company would have experienced any of those adverse conditions, they would have cried foul all the way to an attorney. The employees are ultimately go away without a voice and no recourse. Deontology To act according to the maxim that you would wish all other rational people to follow as though it were comprehensive law. Never treat a person as a means to an end. (Pecorino, 2000) Kant contends that where morality is concerned, it is guided by law and therefore judgment is not required to fill in the blanks, because there are no blanks. He believed that people can conform to duty and not be morally limited. He believed that we could use indeterminate action-guidance for imperfect duties, and Im paraphrasing to weigh the moral options for decisions regarding duty towards others. Because that decision requires the minimum of our morality. Kant rejected virtue ethics.(McAleer, 2001) My opinion is that deontology would not work in the Mattel case . There are too many variables to consider in order to narrow down the maxim that will be comprehensive enough to take thousands of people over a number of cultural variances. Conclusion While the design of Mattels Global Manufacturing Principles may have been well intended and meant to improve the working conditions of the employees, the implementation was short-sighted and poorly executed. All too often when the few aspire to set standards for the many, the end result is a miscalculation.GMPs are not a one size fits all type of endeavor. Each facility should have had a program that was custom to their country and working conditions. The ethical interposition of employees was the intention but the ultimate governance was not enforced. The aftermath was the abandonment of the program due to the lack of interest and participation on the public and other companies in the industry. References Andre, Claire, Meyer, Michael and S. J. , Shanks, Thomas, Velasquez, Manuel. (1988) Ethics a nd Virtue. Issues in Ethics, V1 N3. Retrieved from http//www. scu. edu/ethics/practicing/decision/ethicsandvirtue.html on November 4, 2013 Blackburn, M. , & McGhee, P. (2004). TALKING VIRTUE PROFESSIONALISM IN BUSINESS AND VIRTUE ETHICS. Global Virtue Ethics Review, 5(4), 90-122. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/235113539? accountid=28844 Driver, Julia. The History of Utilitarianism. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), URL = . Duchon, D. , & Drake, B. (2009). Organizational Narcissism and Virtuous Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(3), 301-308. Retrieved from ProQuest on June 1, 2012. Hartman, E. (2008).Socratic questions and Aristotelian answers A Virtue-based Approach to Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 78(3), 313-328. Retrieved November 19, 2012 from ProQuest. McAleer, J. S. (2001). Kant and virtue ethics. (Order No. 3019123, Syracuse University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 336-336 p. R etrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/304750337? accountid=28844. (304750337). Merriam-Webster. Retrieved on November 4, 2013 from http//www. merriam-webster. com/prudence Merriam-Webster. Retrieved on November 4, 2013 from http//www. merriam-webster. com/justice Merriam-Webster.Retrieved on November 4, 2013 from http//www. merriam-webster. com/fidelity Merriam-Webster. Retrieved on November 4, 2013 from http//www. merriam-webster. com/integrity Pecorino, P. A. (2000). The categorical imperative. Retrieved on November 19, 2012 from http//www. qcc. cuny. edu/socialsciences/ppecorino/intro_text/Chapter%208%20Ethics/Categorical_Imperative. htm Russell, D. C. (2008). That ought does not imply right Why it matters for virtue ethics. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 46(2), 299-315. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/218153933? accountid=28844 on November 4, 2013.

Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions in Relation to Organic Foods Essay

Abstract The aim of this study is to find out the three (3) solid variables forming the positive military position towards the purchasing the perfect regimen in Peninsula Malaysia, which eventu solelyy lead to the ultimate heading in buy the total fertiliserally-produced feed. The different variables argon focused on demographic characteristics on home base income, product attributes and lastly the perceived set to the guests. This study shows that the household income is seemingly appe ard to be an important predictor among the targeted partitioning in consuming thoroughgoing solid sustenance. total feed attributes such as pricing, availability and environmentally friendliness of such entire viands may watch discharger buying decision. runly, the perceived assess from the customers towards constitutive(a) food on its health effects, sensational appeal, nutrition-worth and belief of perceived benefits, lots play an important character in cultivating th e intention towards buying essential food. Introduction and Background of the Study Over the last both decades, in that location has been a remarkable increase in demand for thorough-produced food or products.Organic food is often seen and marketed as health-conscious food which contains fewer contaminants, more than than nutrients and well-nigh importantly having a positive effect on the environment. It is known that virtually of these attributes are difficult to quantify, with the contrary that some of investigateer has proved that they may cause such potential harm during the thorough production. The complete market back in 80s, while remaining a niche sector, has grown to be able to grab a share from the essence spending on food in some countries in the recent years.Organic fruit and vegetables are amongst the products which run through been expanding in the rapid production. The demand for entireally-produced sum total and dairy products has undergone the same r apid progress, with a corresponding increase in the need for organically grown forage and feed crops. This has led to a immediate growth in consumer demand whereby the organic food sales have managed to gain a significant market share in the conventional food industry. The market for organically produced crops and commodities has become more structured, looking at the increased number of countries which have adopted uniform standards for organic food production.The standardization has as well applied in the organic certification and labelling. While both the production and the marketing of the organic cultivation of temperate crops have developed, there is a elan to be seen whereby the developing countrys farmers are actively involved in the organic farming. Problem Statement and Importance of the Research Organic gardening industry, no doubt, has offers most of the developing countries a wide range of economic, environment, social and cultural benefits.Certifies organic product s have now been growing fast and in the spread over of entering the global market. Malaysia, on the new(prenominal) hand, is still in the starting spark-point in adapting the organic-food consumption while the developed countries such as North the States and Europe have already gained the biggest market share in this newest industry. Due to expanding markets and attractive charge premiums, Malaysia should invent and invest in organically-produced food, taking into consideration of motley significant variables which may form the consumer behaviour towards organic food.We would resembling to highlight that the ultimate goal of this study is to understand consumers motivations behind organic food products secures in order to enable organic producers to develop a more in force(p) strategic marketing plan. The results could be used for the marketing planning of organic food products to enable proper marketing strategies, a proper sales channel and promotion to be targeted to these companys of consumers. Research Questions The present study aims to answer the undermentioned questions What are demographic characteristics of organic food buyers? How do demographic characteristics affect consumer attitudes towards organic foods? How product attributes effect consumer attitudes towards organic foods? How consumer perceived determine check consumer attitudes towards organic foods? What is the relationship between consumers attitudes towards organic foods and their intentions to leverage? How can results of the study be applied by managers and marketers? Research Objectives.Regarding to the significance of the growing market of organic foods in the world, and to the previous studies on consumer attitudes towards organic foods and its effects on buy intentions in several countries (e. g. Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States and Denmark) we intend to carry out such same studies in Peninsula Malaysia with objectives as the following To report th e descriptive analysis on the organic buyers demographic characteristics To diagnose the effects of demographic characteristics (specifically level of households income) on consumer attitudes towards organic foods. To determine effects of product attributes on consumer attitudes towards organic foods To investigate the relation of consumer perceived values to consumer attitudes towards organic foods To determine the relationship between consumers attitudes towards organic foods and their intentions to purchase To clarify implications for managers and marketers Literature Review Demographics petty(a)d on findings from previous research, demographic characteristics were evaluated as one of the major predictors in gaining intention to purchase the organic food in Peninsula Malaysia.According to Robinson R. and Smith C. (2002), the demographic of consumers consist of various characteristics namely the gender, age, household income and direction level. Each element has been contri buted in forming the valued attitudes towards buying the organic products. Hence, the demographic characteristics, especially on household income is seemingly significant and being the focus in this research. This allow for eventually lead to the desired intention in buying such products for daily consumption. Level of Household Income.Whilst referring to the studies done in the US, it is seemingly apparent that the demographic variables which herby refer as the income distribution, is significant predictors (Bartels & Reinders, 2009). The research on this particular subject has proven that income positively influenced buying behaviour which in turn may cause the perceived buying behaviour towards the organic food. A same result has shown in Germany as well (Bartels & Reinders, 2009). In Germany, demographic variables such as household income distribution have played an important role in developing significant effect on organic buying behaviour.However, the overall inevitability of the demographic characteristics was relatively different, taking into consideration of research carried in various Western countries. These findings verify the results of earlier studies by Clark & Goldsmith (2006) and Im et al. (2003) proven that the intellectual practice on using the demographic characteristics such as household income distribution and domain specific innovativeness pass on be seen as strategic tools for market segmentation.In the Western countries, research has identified that the demand and willingness in spending on organic sinceres often affiliated closely with various socioeconomic and demographic variables (Wier et al. , 2008). In addition, Menghi (1997) found that the majority households with middle and higher income levels showed a greater tendency in purchase and consuming organic foods. However, it is shown that almost all of these studies are based upon hypothesized future behaviour rather than observed behaviour in both Denmark and UK.Hence, studie s have been carried out by researchers to further invent on the influences of demographic characteristics especially in household income in guiding the intention of buying the organic goods. Through the research it is revealed that higher disposable household income (approximated by total food expenditure) will lead to higher positive intention in purchasing the organic food. Consumers with a lower household income alongside with lower level of education are found to be least(prenominal) likely to have heard of organic agriculture (Roitner-Schobesberger et al. , 2008).On a contrary, those who have a higher income and hold an academic degree are more likely to be the target segmentation in purchasing organic products (Roitner-Schobesberger et al. , 2008). It is also mentioned that the correlation between the household income level is very much linked to the level of education as well. As mentioned by Robinson R. and Smith C. (2002), intended purchases of sustainably produced foods d id not differ for demographic characteristics such as household annual income educational attainment.Through the research carried out by Ross NJ.et al. (2000), they have suggested that consumers with a higher earning incomes were more likely to have purchased locally produced food, mainly focus on the organic consumption by various segmentations. Their research and findings were supported earlier by Govindasamy R. and Italia J. (1998) whereby the same results applied. Groups with a higher household income tend to have purchased foods produced with reduced pesticides. In UK particularly, social group is employed as an indicator of income brackets (Wier et al. , 2008).Research has revealed that the tendency in purchase the organic goods seem to increase in accordance to the given social status. However, the highest organic budget shares are observed for middle class households whilst shares in the upper middle class being in fact lower. Quite captivatingly, a quasi(prenominal) phenom enon is observed to be happened in Denmark as well. Organic Food Attributes Organic food attributes influence consumer buying decision. Several empirical studies have been performed on customer perceptual experiences of organic food attributes and how they formed the consumer attitudes towards food.In the present research, among different product attributes, we have selected price of organic food, environmentally friendliness of organic food and organic food availability. Price of Organic Food Organic foods are often of a price premium above conventional products. According to Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) in Thailand the price difference between organic and non-labeled conventional vegetables in Bangkok varied between 50 percent and 170 percent and in some cases even 400 percent.However, in some countries such as Finland there were not significant premium prices for organic foods (Tarkiainen and Sundqvist, 2005). As Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) pointed out that disre spect the price difference of organic and non-organic food, nearly 60% of the organic buyers said that the price of organic products was not a problem. In addition, non-organic buyers ranked some other(a) items as a reason of not purchasing organic food rather than higher prices.Chryssohoidis & Krystallis (2005) claimed that while 100 percent of people would prefer organic to conventional products with the assumption of similar price, this percentages dropped by only 20 percent when the same question was posed regardless the higher price of organic food. In other words, higher price is an important obstacle for a limited percentage of consumers. Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) found out that in Bangkok men were more likely to purchase organic foods than women and concluded that it might be due to the reason of men being willing to pay a higher price premium for organic products than women. as well as, a study in Klang Valey, Malaysia showed that women werre more likely than me n to agree that they would purchase more organic foods if they were less expensive (Ahmed, 2010). Additionally, dour users were on average stage whereby they are willing to pay higher price premiums than medium and light users (Wier et. al, 2008). Environmentally friendliness of organic food Consumers are getting more conscious and concerned with the consumption of chemical substance used in farming and preserving environment is becoming a strong attitude among consumers.According to Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005), subjective norms effect on attitudes has been mainly found in behaviors, that involved some kind of ethical decision, and also buying organic food can be seen as ethical decision reflecting environmental concern. In addition, perceived quality is associated with environmentally friendly practices (Ness et. al, 2009). The perception of organic food products as environmentally friendly was a common intuition and has been examined in several studies (Ahmed, 2010 Honkanen et. al, 2006).It is believed that when the consumers have more concern about their health and environmental protection, they will be more likely to have a positive attitude to organic foods (Ness et. al, 2010). Honkanen et. al (2006) found that bionomicly oriented consumers were more likely to form intentions to purchase and consume organic food. In other words, the more people are concerned about environment, the more positive attitude they have towards organic food. Organic Food Availability Lack of organic food availability and variety in store is considered as one of the barriers to consumer purchase.Fresh vegetables (which include fresh herbs) were considered the most widely available organic product group rather than other organic foods (Roitner-Schobesberger et. al, 2008). Chryssohoidis & Krystallis (2005) stated that limited availability was the main factor that hinders organic purchasing. Although correspond to Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008), in Thailand, majority of organic buyers were satisfied with availability of organic products. Most of them reported that they would like to buy more organic products, especially a wider range of vegetables. Value to the Customer.In every product that consumer purchased and used, they in turn are expecting value from it. Value can be defined as a benefit that consumer is receiving by using a product. Benefits here mean sensory appeal of the product, taste, fun, freshness, quality and healthiness of the products. These are some main reasons that encouraged consumer to purchase the organic food. The value may vary from one consumer to another however there will definitely be one value that effect the buying attitude which motivate the buying intention of consumers. Health Effect of Organic FoodSeveral perceptions contributed to health attribute include the reason of being good for health, good for children, not containing pesticides, high in fiber, natural and nutritious and safer to eat (Roitner-Schobesberger , et. al, 2008 Saher et. al 2006 Lockie et. al, 2002 Ness et. al, 2009). The perceived potential hazards of modern agricultural practices such as the use of pesticides and their residues in food were perceived to be associated with long term and unknown effects on health (Miles and Frewer, 2001Wilkins & Hillers, 1994 Williams & Hammit, 2001).Saher et. al (2006) revealed that there is very slim scientific support for the common beliefs that organic food would be more healthy or nutritious than regular foods, but the belief that they have these properties be quite strong in consumers mindset. The claim is debatable whether marketers can use the health claim for marketing purposes because most of the research concluded that there was no evidence that organic food was healthier or more nutritious than conventional food (Honkanen et. al, 2006).However, most studies in this area suggested that consumers perception of organic food as a healthy nutrition is one the most significant motive s for buyers. Lockie et al. (2002) pointed out that health was the one aspect consumers are least willing to compromise. Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) in Bangkok, Thailand, examined the motives behind organic food purchase and pointed out that the most important motive was the expected positive health effects. Similarly in Malaysia, organic buyers believed that organic food was healthier compared to conventional grown food (Ahmed, 2010).In Thailand, the health aspect was closely associated with the residues from synthetic chemicals used in agriculture (Roitner-Schobesberger et. al, 2008). In fact, organic products often have a lower level of pesticide residues (Baker et al. , 2002). Lockie et. al (2002) revealed that although price was an important factor, organic consumers consider health has appeared as a more significant factor for purchasing organic food in Australia. These organic food consumers also believed that industrial methods of food touch act a threat to custome rs health.Another research by Schifferstein & Oude Ophuis (1997) illustrated that well-being was rated among all other motives by organic food buyers. On the other hand, Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005) by examining specific organic products (bread and flour) claimed that health consciousness did not explained the general attitudes towards organic food, although they believed this results might be different by examining different organic products. sensory Appeals Sensory appeals of organic food are part of the factors that provides value to customer.Sensory appeals include the taste, odor and also the texture of the organic product (Prescott et. al, 2002). Sometimes sensory appeals of the organic food need to be combined with the non-sensory factors such as organic food related expectations to create a value to customer which will affect their attitude towards buying organic food (Prescott et. al, 2002). Sensory factors are also influenced by cultures and background of consumers. Fo r example, consumers from Western countries eat less spicy food compared to those from Asia.Spicy organic food might produce high value to consumers in Asian countries compared to Western. Intrinsic cues or sensory appeal that are associated with physiologic characteristics of the product such as taste, size, color, appearance, smell, feel and flavor were commonly used as indicators of quality on the organic food (Schifferstein et. al,1997). gauge is also value that consumers experiencing by consuming an organic food. Better sensory appeal of organic food will portray a disclose quality which will influence the attitude of purchasing an organic food and later increase the intention of buying the organic food.One of the most prominent sensory appeals that yield more value to consumer is taste. According to Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al (2008), taste was the third important motives that consumers purchase organic food (Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al, 2008). Others studies also emp hasized that many organic food buyers believed that organic food products taste better than conventional food even if sensory evaluations have yielded inconsistent results (Fillion and Arazi,2002 McEachern and McClean,2002 Zhao et al. ,2007). Perceived Value.One of the studies conducted in eight-spot countries concluded that man-to-man attitudes towards buying organic food are primarily based on the belief about the benefits (Thogersen, 2000). Benefits or value to consumers such as healthy, taste better and environment friendly supersede all the other factors such as belief about the cost. The same proven in one of the study conducted in Klang Valley. Most of the respondents reported that they choose to buy organic food products because they perceived organic food as very healthy, fresher and natural (Bayaah Ahmad et.all, 2010).As such, value of organic food towards customers effect their attitudes towards buying which will motivates their intention of purchasing the organic produ ct. Consumers also value organic food as nutritional food since it is produced using traditional method whereby the original nutrition from the food is preserved. pabulum belief was one of the reasons that made people appeared to have different food styles and often communicate themselves as having food adventurousness or pickiness (Chen, 2007).Organic food adds value to consumers who has such belief and it will influence their intention of consuming it by affecting the buying behavior. Besides, Chen (2007) points out that an individuals personal interests or traits act a part in establishing personal food election criteria through the values held by the individual. These values comprise nutrition beliefs, weight control concerns, and so on. For instance, people seem to have different food-styles and often express themselves as having food adventurousness or pickiness.Another important motive to purchase organic food as reported by Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al (2008) is the con sumers search for new, trendy and attractive food products. Attitudes towards Organic food and Intention to purchase Basically, consumer attitudes are found to be the most important predictor of intention to buy (Honkanen et. al, 2006). Several studies have found that higher perceived product quality leads to more positive re-purchase intentions (Bou-Llusar et. al, 2001 Hult, & Kandemir 2004 Tarkiainen & Sundqvist, 2005).Chen (7007) highlighted that if the consumers attitude towards organic foods is positive, the consumers attitude to purchase organic food will be more likely to be positive. This is also consistent with another study performed by Honkanen et. al (2006) indicating that relation between attitude and intention is positive and quite strong, indicating that consumers with positive attitudes towards consumption of organic food are more likely to form intentions to consume such food, therefore converting positive attitudes to intentions. Methodology Theoretical Research Fr amework pic Figure1.Theoretical Research Framework Hypothesis Development Hypothesis 1 there is a relationship between demographic characteristics of consumers and their attitudes towards organic foods. Hypothesis 2 There is a relationship between organic food attributes and consumers attitudes towards the organic food. Hypothesis 3 There is a positive relationship between values of organic food to customer with attitudes towards buying organic foods. Hypothesis 4 When the consumers attitude towards organic foods is positive, the consumers intentions to purchase organic foods will be more likely to be positive. Research Design.The questionnaires are only intentional in English since the respondents are assumed to be relatively high educated they will be able to answer the questions without any difficulties. Furthermore it will help to keep the original meaning and understanding that respondents perceived to have towards the questions. Types of questions in questionnaires are mostl y closed ended question and only two open ended question. This will only consume little time for the respondent to complete the questionnaire which will encourage them to participate in this study. There are three main categories in the prepared questionnaires.The questions in the first category are more towards understanding demographic details of the respondent such as on the age, income level, ethnicity, religion and educational level. This is useful to confirm the background of the organic food consumers. There are also questions on the product attributes which the respondents are asked to identify what are the main attributes that attract the purchase and also to determine whether this factor have a positive effect towards consumer attitude on organic food. Last part in the questionnaires is designed to understand the value of organic food to customers.All these questions are to demonstrate four hypotheses of this study. Data Collection The target commonwealth consists of org anic food buyers in Peninsula Malaysia. In order to carry out the sampling Peninsula Malaysia is divided in to 3 major regions namely Northern, Central and Confederate region. Northern region will be represented by Penang, Central region will be Klang Valley and Southern region of Peninsula Malaysia is represented by Johor Bahru. These three areas are chosen based on the economic development and availability of the organic products.From each region shopping complexes and supermarkets that provide organic products are identified. By using random sampling, three shopping complexes and supermarkets in urban areas are selected. Since target respondent with higher educational level and purchasing forefinger are scattered around these urban areas, these will be perfect places to conduct this research. Those three supermarkets and shopping complexes are ensured to be far from each other so that the salt away samples will be more accurate in representing the population in each region.Tot al sample size comprises of 540 individual respondents is collected using convenience sampling and respondents will be approached randomly. Since this study is conducted in large scale, convenient sampling will be more cost effective compared to other types of sampling. Furthermore conducting other types of sampling will be time consuming and the accuracy of the collected samples to represent the actual population will be questionable. In order to collect the info, 60 self-administered consumer questionnaire surveys are distributed in each shopping complexes which will result in 180 questionnaires from each region.Considering the validity of the data, we are expecting a total of about 500 questionnaires to be usable in the later part of data analysis. Although there is no way of knowing if those include are representative of the overall population, the survey is still expected to give a first overview of relevant issues and to allow to derive insights into the perception of organic food buyers in Peninsula Malaysia. Data Analysis After data is collected, data will be edited and coded. Editing data is very essential part of data analysis especially when researches involve open ended questions.Editing is done immediately after data is collected so that the respondent can be contacted if any clarification needed. The edited data are identified through usage of different fond and colors. Coding is done before data processing is conducted. Since most of the data collected involve ordinal scale, coding becomes prudent. By doing this data accurately keyed in and avoid wrong interpretation of data. Base on the three sections in the questionnaire, data is also coded in three main groups. Data processing is done using a software programme called SPSS version 17.First of all the edited and coded data is checked and scanned through. Wrongly entered and coded data will be identified using the software through methods like identification of the maximum value. Values like variance, standard deviation, mean and range are used to understand the effectiveness of the questions asked in the questionnaire and how respondents reacted to the questions. The reliability and validity test is done to check the credibility of the data. The reliability test also conducted to test the relationship of the variables through the reliability coefficient.Validity test is done to assess all three factorial validity, convergent validity and also discriminant validity. References Ahmed, S. N. B. , 2010, Organic Food A Study on Demographic Characteristics and Factors Influencing Purchase Intentions among Consumers in Klang Valley, Malaysia, International ledger of Business and Management 5, No. 2, Baker, B. , Benbrook, C. , Groth, E. , Benbrook, K. , 2002, Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods insights from three US data sets. Food Additives and Contaminants 19, 427446. Bartels J. and Reinders M. J. (2009).Social ident ification, social representations, and consumer innovativeness in an organic food context A cross-national compare, Food and role gustations,1-6, Elsevier Ltd. Bou-Llusar, J. C. , Camison-Zornoza, C. , Escrig-Tena, A. B. , 2001, Measuring the relationship between firm perceived quality and customer satisfaction and its influence on purchase intentions, Total Quality Management, 12, 719734. Chen, M. F, 2007, Consumer attitudes and purchase intentions in relation to organic foods in Taiwan Moderating effects of food-related personality traits, Food Quality and Preference 18, 10081021.Chryssohoidis, G. M. , Krystallis, A. , 2005, Organic consumers_ personal values research Testing and validating the list of values (LOV) scale and implementing a value-based segmentation task, Food Quality and Preference 16, 585599. Clark, R. A. , & Goldsmith, R. E. (2006). Interpersonal influence and consumer innovativeness. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 30(1), 3443. Govindasamy R, Itali a J. (1998). A willingness to purchase comparison of integrated pest management and conventional produce. Agribusiness. 14403-414.Honkanen, P. , Verplanken, B. & Olsen, S. O., 2006, Ethical values and motives driving organic food choice, Journal of Consumer Behaviour 5, 420430. Fillion,L. ,Arazi,S. ,2002. Does organic food taste better? A claim substantiation approach. aliment and Food intuition 32, 153-157. Im, S. , Bayus, B. L. , & Mason, C. H. (2003). An empirical study of innate consumer innovativeness, personal characteristics, and new-product adoption behavior. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 31(1), 6173. Keillor, B. D. , Hult, G. T. M. , & Kandemir, D. (2004).A study of the service encounter in eight countries. Journal of International Marketing, 12, 935. Lockie, S., Lyons, K. , Lawrence, G. , Mummery, K. , 2002. Eating green Motivations behind organic food consumption in Australia. Sociologia Ruralis 42, 2340. McEachern,M. ,McClean,P. ,2002. Organic purchasing motivations and attitudes are they ethical? International Journal of consumer studies 26, 85-92. Menghi, A. (1997). Consumer Response to Ecological Milk in Sweden. Swedish Agricultural University, Uppsala. Miles,S. , & Frewer, L. J,2001.Investigating specific concerns about different food hazards. Food Quality & Preference, 12, 47-61. Ness, M. R. , Ness, M. , Brennan, M. , Oughton, E. , Ritson, C. , Ruto, E., 2009, Modeling consumer behavioral intentions towards food with implications for marketing quality low-input and organic food, Food Quality and Preference 21, 100111. Prescott, J. , Young, O. , ONeill, L. , Yau, N. J. N. , 2002, Motives for food choice a comparison of consumers from Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia and New Zealand.Food Quality and Preference 13, 489 495. Robinson R. and Smith C. (2002). Psychosocial and Demographic Variables Associated with Consumer Intention to Purchase Sustainably Produced Foods as Defined by the Midwest Food Alliance, Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior Volume 34 (6), 316-325.Roitner-Schobesberger ,B. , Darnhofer, I. , Somsook, S. , Vogl, C. R. , 2008, Consumer perceptions of organic foods in Bangkok, Thailand, Food Policy 33, 112121. Ross NJ, Anderson MD, Goldberg JP, Rogers BL. (2000). Increasing purchases of locally grown produce through worksite sales an ecological model. J Nutr Educ. 32304-313. Saher, M. , Lindeman, M. , Koivisto Hursti, U. , 2006, Attitudes towards genetically modified and organic foods, Appetite 46, 324331.Schifferstein, H. N. J & Oude Ophuist, P. M.A, 1997, Health-Relatede Determinants of organic food Consumption in the Netherlands, Food Quality and Preference 9, 119-133. Tarkiainen, A. & Sundqvist, S. , 2005, ingrained norms, attitudes and intentions of Finnish consumers in buying organic food, British Food Journal 107, No. 11, 808-822 Thogersan. J, 2000, predicting consumer choices of organic food Results from the CONDOR Project, Wier, M. , Jensen, K. , Andersen, L. M. , Millock, K. , 2008, The character of demand in mature organic food markets Great Britain and Denmark compared, Food Policy 33, 406421.Wilkins, J. L. , & Hillers, V. N, 1994. Influences of pesticide residue and environmental concerns on organic foods preference among food cooperative members and non-members in Washington State. Journal of Nutrition Education, 26, 26-33. Williams, P. RD. , & Hammit, J. K, 2001. Perceived risks of conventional and organic produce Pesticides, pathogens, and natural toxins. Risk Analysis, 21, 319-330. Zhao,X. ,Chambers,E. ,Matta,Z. ,Loughin,T. ,Carey,E. ,2007, Consumer sensory analysis of organically and conventionally grown vegetables, Journal of Food Science 72, 87-91.

A Strategic Management Case Study on the Walt Disney Company Essay

When brothers Walt and Roy Disney moved to Los Angeles in 1923, they went there to sell their cartoons and animated shorts. One could sole(prenominal) dream that their name would one day be synonymous with entertainment worldwide. But then again, that is how The Walt Disney participation has made their fortunes over the last several(prenominal) decades do dreams come legitimate. The Disney brothers began creating countless cartoons (some lucky and others not so much), and in 1928, introduced Mickey Mouse to the world in the animated short, Steamboat Williewidely described as the rootage animated film to be synchronized with post-produced music. The Mickey Mouse character gained enormous popularity, and Walt and Roy enjoyed incredible success thereafter with feature films both related and misrelated to the Mickey Mouse character.The Walt Disney party produced several of its animated classics throughout the 1940s such as Pinocchio, Fantasia, Dumbo, and Bambi and in 1955, Disney land opened its doors as the Disney brothers first off amusement park. In 1966, Walt Disney died leaving Roy as the new President, CEO, and Chairman of the Board of The Walt Disney lodge. Walt never had the opportunity to witness his namesake creation (Roy rebranded Disney World as Walt Disney World in honor of his late brother) as Walt Disney World opened five years later on October 1, 1971. Since that first day of October in 71, The Walt Disney Company has expanded exponenti everyy.The Company owns media networks such as ABC, ESPN, the Disney Channels, SOAPnet, and A & E (television networks) ABC Radio and The Radio Disney Network (online and satellite radio station) and Hyperion Books (literary advertiseing partnership). The Company has spread its parks crosswise the world to Paris, Hong Kong, and Tokyo and has taken to sea with four Disney ocean liners. The Walt Disney Company continues to grow with a major expansion to Walt Disney World currently underway and several featur e films currently in production in the Disney-Pixar Animation Studio (the result of the Companys 2006 acquisition of Pixar Animation Studios.) Though profits throw away been stagnant for the last two fiscal years, the companys revenue enhancement continues to increase.Purpose of Strategic ManagementStrategic management is a management procedure that consists of lead distinct actions. They are (1) formulating, (2) implement, and (3) evaluate cross-functional decisions that enable an governing to achieve its objectives. Strategic management is vital for companies wishing to prosper in such a dynamic world. With globalization at an all time high, the practice of strategic management among a companys top executives (at the very least) is an absolute necessity. Considering that communion is a key to booming strategic management and that the empowering of employees is a commodious benefit of strategic management, it is recommended that strategic management is implemented at a comp any-wide level. but put successful, polished, professional companies cause strategic planning. A large percentage of the companies that fail in America each year do not perform strategic planning.Company Mission StatementThe mission narration can also be defined as a companys statement of purpose. The current mission statement for the Walt Disney Company is To be the worlds leading producers and providers of entertainment and information. Using our portfolio of brands to differentiate our content, services and consumer products, we seek to develop the about creative, innovative and profitable entertainment experiences and related products in the world.ObjectivesThe objectives of a company are the same as a companys goals. When backcloth goals, an organization is determining what results they expect to achieve in both the short-term and the long-term. What is the goal of this company? Of this division? What do we want to have accomplished within the close year? Within the next five years? Generically, the answers to these questions would be a compiled list of objectives of which a company should strive to obtain. Given the current economic climate, setting objectives (or goal-setting) is difficult. As with every company, The Walt Disney Company should set goals for the company as a whole and along functional lines that pressure the company to greatness yet are obtainable. Measurability should be constantly remembered in setting these objectives, and precise and unambiguous language should be used to eliminate all hints of confusion. The Walt Disney Company does not publish its corporate objectives.StrategiesStrategies are a companys methods to reaching its established objectives. Just because a company may have a final culture in mind (an objective or goal) doesnt mean that every path to that destination is a good one. After setting strategically arduous objectives, it is imperative that strategically sound strategies are generated to provide the means of transportation for verbalize objectives. The courses of action on which an organization decide to embark affects all divisions and aspects of said organization. Strategies should be formulated and implemented only once all internal and external factors are assessed. Only then can a strategy be deemed safe for a company for implementation.Internal AuditStrengthAll companies have actions that they perform more than capably. All companies (at least all those that have been somewhat for a period of time) have past successes on which to build. A companys strengths are such factors the positive components of a companys corporal portfolio that have made the company better in one way or another. The strengths for The Walt Disney Company are detailed below.A Vast and Diverse PortfolioThe Disney brothers began muster cartoons long before moving to Hollywood. The Missouri natives spent the majority of their lives imagining characters to which to introduce to the world. Along with the Disneys impressive collection of new adaptations of old classics such as Robin Hood, Sleeping Beauty, Peter Pan, and Alice In Wonderland the Company has created countless characters to star in their feature films. Disneys original characters include Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Pluto, Chip &Dale, Simba, bombilate Lightyear, Belle, and Aladdin (to name only a very limited few.) The Walt Disney Companys huge portfolio is the single best strength of the entire organization.DiversificationDisney has moved vigorous beyond its cartoon-oriented roots. Though the company is unsounded involved the production of original feature films and other related media (and though the media network division of the Company is still the organizations leading generator of revenue) the company has long since stopped being your typical animation studio or film production company. In 1951, with the opening of Disneys first theme park (Disneyland, in Anaheim, California) the Company made a drama tic shift from a media-oriented company to the broader category of an entertainment-oriented company.In the midst of the rollercoasters and hot dog stands in sunny California, the Company found also a unique market place for consumer products and a break to entwine and implement the Organizations already impressive portfolio of film characters into the parks attractions. The Walt Disney Company also began launching and purchasing media outlets for which their productions and promotions to air. Disney owns now several media broadcasting networks television as well as several radio stations for terrestrial, satellite, and online hosts.Incredible Customer ServiceThe Walt Disney Company prides itself in many intimacys and rightfully so. If you convey the average person what Disney is known for Mickey Mouse or the castle might quickly be their reply. Ask any business professional, however, and one thing is certain to be heard time and time againCustomer service. Disney demands nothing less than stellar customer service from their employees. If you have never experience the Disney Difference, I urge you to travel to one of their many theme parks or retail stores worldwide. Their level of customer service takes those who know to look for it back. author customer service experts and teachers for Disney have written very successful books on the topic and their experiences from the holy grail of customer satisfaction.Acquisition of Pixar Animation StudiosIn 2006, The Walt Disney Company made an acquisition of Pixar Animation Studios. Until 2006, Pixar had collaborated with Disney on multiple occasions to produce such award winning films such as Toy Story, Finding Nemo, and Monsters, Inc. Because of the federation involved in these movies, however, Disney had limitations on the rights to use and reuse the characters contained within the films. The Company saw this as a negative. Too, seeing as Disney produces the majority of its films without collaboration or partn ership, the Disney-Pixar relationship was an enigma around which to carefully navigate. In addition, as Disneys traditionally produced animated films (with pen and color artists) being left in the shadows in comparison to the progressively produced animated films (with CGI and digital artwork, it seemed like the best approach that could be taken in order to catch up with the times.WeaknessesWith the fact that all companies have actions that they perform more than capably, the fact also arises that there are some internal factors that are of a negative consequence. Even companies as successful as The Walt Disney Company have attributes and characteristics that are not at all positive. A companys weaknesses are those such factors the negative components of a companys collective portfolio that have made the company worse in one way or another. The weaknesses for The Walt Disney Company are detailed below.The Constant pick up of Successful Creative MaterialAny analyst should be quick in stating that Disney is wonderful at generating successful creative materialwhich they are. The weakness associated with this factor, however, is of great importance. The key words in this factor are constant need. Though The Walt Disney Company is possibly the worlds greatest generator of successful creative material, the constant need to churn out successful film after successful film and wonderful attraction after wonderful attraction is intimidating at the very least. The fact that there could be a flop at the box office, or a ride that is negatively reviewed is terrifying for the Company that prides itself in its perfection.High (and Increasing) Cost of OperationUnfortunately for the Disney Company, their industry is one with astronomical cost and expenses. Needless to say, it is quite expensive to produce or successful feature film or build a theme park. With recently diminishing profits and the economic recession, the companys realization to the increasing cost of doing bus iness has been mundane. This weakness is not to be confused with high barriers for entry, which might be viewed as an opportunity. That would be considered an external factor. From an internal point of view, however, the high (and increasing) costs to operate are doubtlessly a weakness for The Walt Disney Company.Lack of Developmental PropertyThe Walt Disney Company Parks and Resorts Division has expanded drastically over the last three decades. With the first international park being established in Tokyo in 1983, the Paris, Hong Kong, and Shanghai parks began to fall in place shortly after. At the Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida, the Company owns several square miles of land that will surely be apportioned for park editions in the long term. international of the extra property in Florida, however, The Walt Disney Company has little acreage elsewhere. Future developments in Californias Disneyland Resort are very unlikely collectible to the rapid pace at which property was bought in the forties when the new theme park project hit the news, limiting Disneys land around the resort. Lack of developmental property within a company that survives due to its innovation is a serious issue and a strong internal weakness of this organization.Lagging Consumer Products RevenueThe consumer products division of The Walt Disney Company is handedly the smallest division within the organization. While revenues continue to trend upward for the division, they do so at a drawn-out rate to the other Disney divisions, proportionally. Consumer products should be a division of the Company that performs, proportionately, as well as the other three divisions of the company. If a consumer watches and really thoroughly enjoys Disneys new studio release, Cars 2, than it is safe to say that the viewer might also want a Cars 2 t-shirt or action figure. The same is true for the media networks or parks and resorts divisions a consumer who has experienced the products of any division of the Organization should be prone to purchase consumer products related to such products. The fact that the increasing revenue of the consumer products division is doing so at a slower rate of the other divisions shows a lack of marketing and promotion put on the division.Internal grammatical constituent Evaluation (IFE) MatrixThe Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix is an Input State (State 1) strategic management tool that that helps with the summarization and evaluation of the major strengths and weaknesses in the functional areas of an organization. Internal factors (namely strengths and weaknesses) are compiled, given weights as it relates their relative importance, and assigned a rating. The weighted scores weight (x) rating are make outed to comprise a total weighted score for the IFE Matrix. The figures generated in the IFE Matrix are used in a multitude of other strategic management tools and matrices.

Persian Society: 1673-1677 Essay

Jean Chardin was a well-educated son of a French jeweler. Chardin was a well-known European traveler of Persia in 17th century who produced substantial literature on Persian society. In his book Travel to Persia, Chardin describes the Persians as those who spend their money without treat as soon they get it with no thought spared to their future needs. As soon as they lay their hands on some money, they either demoralize slaves, hire wives, set up a well-equipped carriage, furnish a house extravagantly and/or dress sumptuously (185).The Persians are characterized as kind, generous, and helpful to strangers, scorn fighting and worship Gods name. They are vigilant about the education of their children, they send their children twice a day to school and after school they keep them convolute in their business and profession. They keep eunuchs to monitor their children strictly, not allowing them to go out on streets and to meet the relatives only with a eunuch serving as chaperone. A t the age of sixteen, they marry their children off and do not allow them travel before they turn twenty (188-189).Chardin further elaborates that Persian men visit youthfulness women if their wives are over thirty and their wives, if they become pregnant early, get their fetus aborted because of fear of waning interest of their husbands. This situation did result in a flow in their population. They are very civilized people but their behavior also encompasses negative characteristics too such as use of coarse and down-to-earth language, cheating, lying and frequently breaking promises (129-130).According to Chardin, They are not to be trusted in service, nor in all other engagements (187). Thus Chardin has depicted the distant character of Persian society in his book by stating that, Whoever sees them only passing by, or in a visit, will always give them the scoop up character in the world, but he that deals with them and pries into their affairs will find that there is little honesty in them (188).

The Social-Emotional, Cognitive and Physical Benefits of Physical Activity

The social-emotional, cognitive and physiologic benefits of natural activity During childhood our body and mind changes very fast. I conceptualise that nowadays parents focus more(prenominal) on the brain developement of their children than their sensual activity. When I was a little girl over 20 years ago we spent most of our time outside playing, running and enjoying fresh air and universe in movement. Physical activity of children erect secure them health and well being in their adulthood as well as teach them a lot of very importants aspects manage social relations and behaviors in different situations.Now I see that a lot of children spend their time at home or at after coach activities that dont involve a lot of movement. According to Child Development and Education a series of studies shows that reductions in sensual education are not associated with increase in academic achievement. It is important to teach a children how to play piano or improve their mathematic al skills but we should also remember how important is a physiological activity in their development.Also as Child Development and Education states One of the problems is that adults tend to want children to remain still and quiet, particularly in groups, whereas many children favor more rambunctious activities. According to The Journal of Pediatrics physical activities of children vary with age, type of exercise, and setting. Physical activity begins in infancy with pushing up, turning, crawling, and counterbalancetually walking, and it progresses to more complex activities as neuromuscular control develops.Basic movement patterns develop during preschool ages and are the foundation for a wide range of physical activities at later ages. With growth, maturation, and experience, base movements are integrated and coordinated into more alter and complex movement skills that characterize the free play, games, sports, and other activities of school-age youth. Guided instruction and supervised practice, specifically by qualified teachers, coaches, and others who work with children, are important in learning movement skills. Types and contexts of activities are variable and change with age during childhood and adolescence.Activities of children aged 6 to 9 years are largely anaerobic (as in non-sustained activities or games such as tag), and they help the child learn basic and more specialized motor skills. As youth move into the pubertal transition (about age 10-14 years, earlier in girls than in boys), these skills are incorporated into a variety of respective(prenominal) and group activities and many organized sports. Mature structure and function are approached or attained in late adolescence (age 15-18 years), so that physical activity programs can be more structured.Physical activity has not only physical benefits. It also has a very big impact on social-emotional and cognitive aspects of childs live. According to Centers for Disease Control and Preventi on The development of a physically active lifestyle is a goal for all children. Traditional team and private-enterprise(a) sports may promote healthy activity for selected youth. Individual sports, noncompetitive sports, lifetime sports, and recreational activities expand the opportunity for activity to every ane.The opportunity to be active on a regular basis, as well as the enjoyment and competence gained from activity, may increase the chances that a physically active lifestyle will be adopted. Team sports for example not only provide physical activity for children. They also introduce them to the meaning of teamwork and ability to find their own place in a group. Especially in sports, where roles change and they need to wait for their turn. When I was little we used to play badminton but unfortunately had only two sets of rackets that we take to share.There was usually 6-8 of us playing to issue forthher and I remember how we managed to be a public and players. This was one o f my first lesson of sharing and adapting into a situation that I cant change. Also it is important for children to learn a little bit about competition, since it is present in our whole lives. We have competition at work, college and different areas in our lives and I hardly believe that when person learns that sometimes you are first, sometimes second and sometimes last as early as you are a child it will be easier for the person to accept that you cant be always first in adult life.During physical activities children interact with each other and getting to know their friends. Very often on the outdoor playgrounds we can see how quickly they meet other children. If they get bored they start looking for a parvenu friend that can play with them. Encouraging children to those type of behaviors teach them how to be open in relationships with new people in their lives and how to interact with new friends. Adults should be aware of the right ways in encouraging their childrens physical activity.It is very important to know, that physical activity is an essential part of childrens day and teachers as well as parents should know how to promote it among children. First of all they should remember about even short activity breaks in between learning. The Journal of Pediatrics states that The recommended 60 minutes or more of physical activity can be achieved in a cumulative manner in school during physical education, recess, intramural sports, and before and after school programs.In this regard, the Centers for Disease Control recommends daily quality physical education from kindergarten through grade 12. Both physical education and recess afford opportunities to achieve the daily physical activity goal without any grounds of compromising academic performance. Opportunities to influence youth participation in physical activities are readily available at home and school, as well as in community and health care settings. They should also Provide an appropriate equipm ent and make exercising an enjoyable experience.Children tent to get bored if they do one thing for a long time, that is why diversity in exercising is very important. As a adults we should remember how important it is to take care of the physical activities of children. They can not only stay in good physical shape because of them but also develop on many other levels like social, emotional and cognitive. References McDevitt T. M. Ormord J. E. , (2012). Child Development and Education. 5th ed. USA Pearson, pp. 157-77 WILLIAM B. STRONG, MD, ROBERT M. MALINA, PHD, CAMERON J. R. BLIMKIE, PHD, STEPHEN R.DANIELS, MD, PHD, RODNEY K. DISHMAN, PHD, BERNARD GUTIN, PHD, ALBERT C. HERGENROEDER, MD, AVIVA MUST, PHD, PATRICIA A. NIXON, PHD,JAMES M. PIVARNIK, PHD, THOMAS ROWLAND, MD, STEWART TROST, PHD, AND FRANCXOIS TRUDEAU, PHD,, (2005). EVIDENCE BASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR SCHOOL-AGE YOUTH. The Journal of Pediatrics. e. g. 32 (e. g. 2), pp. 732-7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gu idelines for school and community programs to promote lifelong physical activity among young people. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 199746(RR-6)136

Clerval and Elizabeth Essay

It confirms our belief that he has be take evil, but we in like manner know the reasoning back end this,For no matter what he does he will always be shunned by mankind because of his appearance, and therefore why should he show them kindness if it is not reciprocated. The murder of William, 3 are all ruthless acts, they are also acts of vengeance towards Frankenstein. Some would however, argue that if Frankenstein had indeed made him a female cooperator then the torment would have ceased and Elizabeths life would have been spared. Frankenstein declares him a monster for these actions, but after all Frankenstein destroyed the creatures hopes for a female companion.However, the murders of William and Clerval lowlife also, in some ways, be justified as acts of retribution although they can be seen as vengeful and foul. This shows the creatures monstrous side. He is also capable of evil wickedness in the way that he coldly and calculatingly frames Justine of a murder she did not comm it Mary Shelly had many themes hurry throughout her story bases on what she felt and what was going on around her at the time. One of the main themes is radical reform. Mary Shelly once described the cut change by saying the giant now awoke. The mind received the spark which lit it into an inextinguishable flame . This could equally be her describing the creature. During The French Revolution never before were seen acts that were carried out by the common people, the poor were now daring to overthrow the rich. Mary Shelly witnessed the destruction of her Mother and Fathers report caused by their revolutionary fervour and managed to distance herself from it. Perhaps Mary Shellys Frankenstein is an allegory of the French revolution.The creature could be seen as a demonstration of the consequences of unleashing an rebellious force, Frankenstein could be seen as the initiators of the French Revolution who fail to control their followers. Frankenstein is very irresponsible of his cr eation and shuns it from the moment it comes to life, he also fails to keep the creature under control. The creature is then rejected, cursed and unloved by everyone, no matter what he does, he deals with his hurt and his anger by destroying everything he comes across and at long last he destroys his creator, Victor.Victors lack of responsibility towards the monster has resulted in his own downfall. This is what happens to the people who lead the way in French Revolution. They too created a monster who grew out of control and eventually the leaders were executed. Frankensteins creature begs to be treated with kindness and respect, but he is spurned and rejected. His moral monster of the terror is also a creation of the French Aristocracy. If the Aristrocracy had acknowledged and paid gratitude and respect to the common people, they would of reciprocated in kind and the need for a revolution would be unnecessary.. Both the creature and his creator are warnings/demonstrations to th e world the powerful must esteem and respect the powerless, or revolution will ensue. Now I come to answer the question does Shelly intend us to respond to the creature as a monster. What Mary Shelly is saying is that monsters arent born they are made. This is ostensible in the way that the creature is treated. When he is first introduced to the world he is a kind, loving being, perhaps even an example of goodness.But when in the formulation of people he is rejected, cursed upon and unloved, this in effect turns the creature into a monster. Mary is also saying that reform, when it is controlled and in the right hands is not a bas thing, but when we fail to control it will grow uncontrollable and become evil. By Joshua Gray Show preview only The above preview is unformatted school text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Division Zombie Essay

matted Coon Mrs. Scott English Comp 15 March 2013 Zombies A zombie is defined as a deceased human beings body that has somehow become reanimated and autonomous, yet no longer has sufficient brainiac or vital functions to be considered alive or capable of thought. The characteristics of a zombie have evolved oer the years and throughout various cultures. In Africa they portray a zombie as a soulless being used as a slave for a voodoo priest. Never the less we leave alone take a look at the American portrayal of the modern day zombie.We will do this by dividing the zombie into four different categories the walkers, the outgrowths, the crawlers, and the mutated zombies. In the older legends, zombie lore usually complicated some form of voodoo or evil magic, but most modern zombie-themed media centralizes the idea of a rapidly spreading disorder or virus causing the human species to turn into mindless beings with an incisive hunger for the human contour. Walkers were the first breed of zombie that actually craved human flesh. The usually spell-induced African zombies were just soulless beings they had no desire to feast on people.Very fragile, and mostly decomposed, these walkers move extremely slowly. However, what they escape in agility, they make up for in magnitude. Usually walking around aimlessly, the walkers normally travel in groups, a lot like a flock of birds, but at the first sight of flesh the group converges and the next thing you know your overcome. Of all the types of zombies, walkers be probably the most realistic. The idea of soul dying and being resurrected as a necrotic, dead cannibal is terrifying to a majority of the population.They may lurch about and stumble comically, but it only takes one to alert the rest of the group and nuzzle thing you know you have an army chasing you from all directions. All for the BRAINS Created to put zombie movies at a faster pace, the runner is not technically a zombie. Customarily originated by a man-made disease or virus, these zombies atomic number 18 exceedingly fast and viciously savage. This is why happening upon a single runner can be just as deadly as meeting an entire horde of the insufficient walkers. Assumedly because quick, hard-to-catch targets darting around the screen present more of a threat han those slower moving zombies, runners often quicken the most crucial part in zombie-based video games and films of this day and age. Zombies are nothing but soul-less, decompose bodies so what happens to them when they lose a part of themselves? Started by the popular video game Call of Duty, crawlers are normal zombies, walkers or runners, who had their legs dismembered in an attempt to kill them. Usually caused by trying to cut them or some sort of explosion. These zombies are typically slow moving and easy prey but if you are not vigilant they can be very hazardous.Even if they cant chase you down and good time you, they still carry whatever infection or virus put them in their current condition, and they are more than capable of passing it on while flake you off. They will often attack the feet and ankles first, in attempts to infect and weaken you. Then, when you fall to the ground, they feast. Last of all, there are the mutated zombies. Mutated zombies were started by the popular video-game-turned-movie series, Resident Evil. Infected, panicked, and fighting to retain life, scientists attempted to create a serum to battle the virus.At first it seemed as if it was working, and the disease was to be cured alas, most of them turned into to heaps of rotting, radioactive flesh, starving for the taste of brains. There are different cases where a zombie is doused in radioactive material, afterwards becoming virtually unrecognizable afterwards. These unlucky a few(prenominal) are freakishly disfigured they are also generally very agile and extremely strong. non only infected, most mutated zombies also come radioactive, one touch who knows what may happen?Uninfected manhood often have no chance of survival when standing up to one of these monsters. Even though the zombie apocalypse will probably never happen, it is always going to be one of the human races biggest fears. Maybe this essay will help somebody through it by keen all of the many types of zombies, each one stronger and faster than the other. We also know never to turn your buns on a zombie, even if it is just crawling around snapping at your ankles. The zombie apocalypse capability not happen any time soon but it is always good to be prepared.